1936. A Quick Look. The Nationalist rebels' initial efforts to instigate military revolts throughout Spain only partially succeeded. Franco's army also included Moorish troops from Morocco. The Spanish Civil War is often read as a backdrop for the much larger Second World War and this is a solid approach to this regional conflict, but the conflict itself has had a much larger historical and cultural impact on the world of today than many readers may believe. In April 1931, following the end a period of nationalist dictatorship, elections brought widespread urban power to Republicans, King Alfonso XIII left Spain and the Spanish Second Republic was established. Ferried over from Morocco, General Franco’s army cut through the militia and neared Madrid by November 1936. The core of the Nationalist army was the African army commanded by General Franco. In the spring of 1937, the ship Mexique sailed from France to Mexico with 456 Spanish refugees, all children whose parents were fighting on the Republican side of the Spanish Civil War. Catalonia and the Basque provinces were loyal to the government because the republic guaranteed their autonomy. When an initial military coup failed to win control of the entire country, a bloody civil war ensued, fought with great ferocity on both sides. The war is regularly seen to have started when the Spanish military began a revolt against the left wing government in Madrid. Almost 7,000 Catholic priests, monks, and nuns were killed, primarily in the first months of the revolt. 3. Some 7,000 of these became prisoners in Mauthausen; more than half of them died in the camp. The successful resistance of the city, which was stiffened by the arrival of the International Brigades, organized by the Communist International, and by Soviet arms, prolonged the Civil War for two more years. The Spanish conflict quickly generated worldwide fears that it could explode into a full-fledged European war. Documentary series which uses film and eyewitness accounts from both sides of the conflict that divided Spain in the years leading up to World War Two, also placing it in its international context. With Frank Finlay, Enrique Lister, Ramón Serrano Súñer, Narcís Julián. The Spanish Civil War engendered massive political violence, carried out by both sides on the battlefield and on city streets. By 1940, more than 500,000 individuals were rounded up and sent to about 60 concentration camps. In 1920, Spain was a constitutional monarchy. From 1936 to 1939, two opposing groups of citizens waged a bitter fight for control of Spain . Only a few countries, such as Mexico and the Dominican Republic, opened their doors to Spanish refugees. In the spring of 1937, the ship Mexique sailed from France to Mexico with 456 Spanish refugees, all children whose parents were fighting on the Republican side of the Spanish Civil War. Many historians even see the civil war as a foreshadowing of World War II, with the axis and allies supporting opposing sides. On occasions, this coalition broke down into internecine violence. And openly pro-Fascist and pro-Nazi political parties existed in many other countries, including France, Great Britain, and the United States. Entries are listed below in alphanumeric order. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, Christian Spain from the Muslim invasion to about 1260, Castilian institutions, society, and culture, Aragon, Catalonia, and Valencia, 1276–1479, The “Golden Age” in architecture and painting, The French invasion and the War of Independence, 1808–14, Moderates, progressives, and the generals, The Revolution of 1868 and the Republic of 1873, Primo de Rivera (1923–30) and the Second Republic (1931–36), The administration of Felipe González, 1982–96, Spain at the beginning of the 21st century, Zapatero and a new generation of Socialist leadership, Economic recovery and Catalonian independence. The most notorious of these attacks came on April 26, 1937, when German and Italian aircraft leveled the Basque town of Gernike (Guernica in Spanish) in a three-hour campaign that killed 200 civilians or more. There are numerous factors and events that played a … In rural areas with a strong right-wing political presence, Franco's confederates generally won out. It all began with a coup d'etat on July, 1936, carried out by a part of the army against the Second Spanish Republic, carefully planned by José Sanjurjo, Emilio Mola (who commanded the uprising) and Francisco Franco among other generals. The Spanish Civil War of 1936-39 was a prominent conflict fought for a multitude of reasons. Bryant is a freelance writer. Thanks to Xios, Alan Haskayne, Lachlan Lindenmayer, William Crabb, Derpvic, Seth Reeves and all my other Patrons. In many parts of Spain a social revolution took place in July 1936 as factories and farms were collectivized. Fascist Italy supplied some 75,000 troops in addition to its pilots and planes. Up to 90% off Textbooks at Amazon Canada. (2008). In April 1937 he incorporated the Falange and the Carlists into a unified movement under his leadership. This support proved crucial to Franco’s victory. – An example of a Civil War for Paper 2 Topic 1 and part of the HL syllabus for Paper 3 Topic 8. 15,000 Spanish Republicans ended up in Nazi concentration camps after 1940. Some Spanish officers remained loyal to the Republic and refused to join the uprising. TTY: 202.488.0406, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC, Holocaust Survivors and Victims Resource Center. … Martial law remained in place in Franco's Spain until 1948, and former Republicans were subjected to various forms of discrimination and punishment. Jewish Volunteers in the Spanish Civil War, Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives. A 107-year-old man who survived the Spanish ‘flu, the Irish civil war and two world wars is now eagerly awaiting his Covid-19 vaccination. In 1812, King Ferdinand VII dissolved the Constitution. The Spanish Civil War. CatholicSaints.Info. An estimated 200,000 died from combat-related causes. The Nationalist zone saw the extensive use of terror against anyone suspected of being a “Red.” The number of people killed for political reasons is unclear, but even conservative estimates put the figure at 80,000 between the outbreak of the war and 1943. The Republic consistently hoped that France and Britain would allow them to acquire arms. Douglas DC-2. Many fled areas of violence for safe refuge elsewhere. The Spanish Civil War began on July 17, 1936, when generals Emilio Mola and Francisco Franco launched an uprising aimed at overthrowing the country's democratically elected republic. Berber armies led by Abd el-Krim force the Spanish garrison at Annual (Anwal), Morocco, to retreat in disarray, marking the start of a military campaign that would come to be known as the Rif War. Baxell, Richard (September 6, 2012). This was to force the left wing government from power. It was the breeding ground for mass atrocities. Spanish Civil War (1936–39), military revolt by Nationalist rebels, supported by conservative elements within the country, against the Republican government of Spain. It began after an attempted coup d'état by a group of Spanish Army generals against the government of the Second Spanish Republic, then under the leadership of president Manuel Azaña. To relieve Valencia, the Republicans attacked across the Ebro (July 24, 1938); once more they failed to exploit the breakthrough, and the bloody battle exhausted the Popular Army. Franco also benefited from the support of the Roman Catholic Church, which proclaimed his cause a “Crusade.”. Some 35,000 to 40,000 volunteers from more than 50 countries rushed to join the International Brigades to defend the Republic. In 1936, Manuel Azaña, a democratically elected Republican, was serving as the president of Spain when a group of the most influential generals from the part of the Spanish army based in Morocco carried out a coup d'etat led by General Francisco Franco. Available information suggests that there were about 500,000 deaths from all causes during the Spanish Civil War. The Spanish Civil War has captured the attention of historians, writers, poets and filmmakers across the globe. Thanks to their military assistance, he was able to airlift troops from Spanish Morocco across to the mainland to continue his assault on Madrid. 2. In recent decades, some attempt has been made to study Spanish anticlericalism and to try to understand why it took the form of unprecedented violence. The war was not simply a Spanish affair but drew in several other nations, including Italy, Portugal, Germany, and the Soviet Union. About 200,000 people died as the result of systematic killings, mob violence, torture, or other brutalities. The Spanish Civil War (18 July 1936 – 1 April 1939) was a war in which the Spanish General Francisco Franco and his troops successfully took control of Spain. • Civil conflict resulting from uprising of military against Republican government of Spain. Spain in the 19 th century. This is not what we want, Left or Right. Prologue: The Situation in Spain Prior to the Civil War. Even the attack style in the Second World War mimicked some of the Spanish battles that took place. The Spanish Civil War began on July 17, 1936, when generals Emilio Mola and Francisco Franco launched an uprising aimed at overthrowing the country's democratically elected republic. Feminist solutions to problems of women in this period often took an individualistic approach. Soviet supplies dropped off in 1938, and thereafter the balance of arms supply decisively favoured the Nationalists. Find topics of interest and explore encyclopedia content related to those topics, Find articles, photos, maps, films, and more listed alphabetically, Recommended resources and topics if you have limited time to teach about the Holocaust, Explore the ID Cards to learn more about personal experiences during the Holocaust. The Spanish Civil War 1. 4. With Frank Finlay, Enrique Lister, Ramón Serrano Súñer, Narcís Julián. For women of the Second Republic, by close of the Civil War their efforts for liberation would fail. The government led by the socialist doctor Juan Negrín was a coalition of Republicans, socialists, and communists. The Spanish Civil War started in 1936 and finished in 1939. The military uprising started in Morocco on July 17, 1936, and quickly spread to the garrisons of metropolitan Spain. In 1936, Manuel Azaña, a democratically elected Republican, was serving as the president of Spain when a group of the most influential generals from the part of the Spanish army based in Morocco carried out a coup d'etat led by General Francisco Franco. Brilliant Work. Galicia soon went over to the Nationalists, as did most of Andalusia. 3. Soon, Spain became the battleground of … On July 18, 1936, the Spanish Civil War begins as a revolt by right-wing Spanish military officers in Spanish Morocco and spreads to mainland Spain. Mexico also provided aid to the Republicans, though its support was very limited. In August 1936, more than two dozen nations, including France, Great Britain, Italy, Nazi Germany, and the Soviet Union, signed a Non-Intervention Agreement on Spain. The Nationalists waged a brutal war against the Republic's supporters. She lives in North Park. This is not what we want, Left or Right. The uprising consisted of military action between the existing republican government and a nationalist faction led by a military General called Francisco Franco. In the United States, President Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration chose not to intervene officially in the conflict, although the President sought to clandestinely provide some aid to the besieged Republic after 1937. The fighting and persecution resulted in several million Spaniards being displaced. Spain’s Civil War was the result of an attempted and half-successful military coup. Francoist forces too killed liberal-minded or Loyalist clergy. Spanish Civil War armor can be found here. New Zealand had no official involvement in the Spanish Civil War and few people from this country took part. The Spanish Civil War took place in Spain between 1936 and 1939. Ground Attack Aircraft. September 13, 1923 By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. On March 28 the Nationalist forces entered a starving capital. 4. 2. The latter three signatories openly violated the policy. Given the confused political control in Republican Spain, the secure military and political command of Franco (from October 1936) was decisive. The fighting displaced millions of Spaniards. The forces on the right were lead by Generals Franco and Sanjurjo. What was the Spanish Civil War? A smaller number of foreign recruits joined Franco's forces. This savage civil war was to drag on for two and a half murderous years. The Spanish Civil War was a conflict ‘of principles’ based on the annihilation of the class and ideological enemy. The Civil War. Not only is this the best introductory text … Women in the Spanish Civil War saw the conflict start on 17 July 1936. During the war itself, 100,000 persons were executed by the Nationalists; after the war ended in spring 1939, another 50,000 were put to death. Italy and Germany continued to supply Franco's forces, while the Soviet Union provided military advisors, tanks, aircraft, and other war materiel to the Republic.